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Estudios Clínicos
A continuación se presentan los resúmenes de los estudios clínicos sobre Sickle-Pod Senna.
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Nombre Botánico: Senna Tora
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Nombre Ayurvédico: Chakramarda
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Nombre Común: Sickle-Pod Senna
Perfil Fitonutriente de Planta
1: J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Feb 21;55(4):1592/6.
Hypolipidemic effect of soluble fiber isolated from seeds of Cassia tora Linn.
in rats fed a high/cholesterol diet.
Cho IJ, Lee C, Ha TY.
Division of Food Function Research, Korea Food Research Institute, 46/1
Baekhyun/Dong, Bundang/Gu, Songnam/Si, Kyunggi/Do 463/746, Republic of Korea.
Soluble fibers isolated from the seeds of Cassia tora Linn. (SFC) have attracted
considerable attention in recent years due to their phenomenal rheological
behavior. In this study were investigated the effects of SFC on lipid
metabolism. Male Sprague/Dawley rats were fed one of three experimental diets, a
normal diet, a high/cholesterol diet, or a high/cholesterol diet with 5% SFC,
for 5 weeks. The serum concentration of total cholesterol in rats fed SFC was
27% lower (p < 0.05) compared to that of the control group, but the serum
high/density lipoprotein cholesterol level was increased in the SFC group. Liver
total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were reduced significantly (p < 0.05)
in rats fed the SFC diet. In addition, fecal bile acid and lipid excretion was
significantly increased by SFC consumption. These results indicate that SFC
enhances fecal lipid excretion and may cause a reduction in serum and hepatic
lipid concentrations in rats.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 17300158 [PubMed / in process]
2: Plant Cell Environ. 2006 Feb;29(2):240/6.
Comparative studies on the effect of a protein/synthesis inhibitor on
aluminium/induced secretion of organic acids from Fagopyrum esculentum Moench
and Cassia tora L. roots.
Yang JL, Zheng SJ, He YF, You JF, Zhang L, Yu XH.
College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhengjiang University, Hangzhou
310029, PR China.
Aluminium (Al)/induced secretion of organic acids from plant roots is considered
a mechanism of Al resistance, but the processes leading to the secretion of
organic acids are still unknown. In the present study, a protein/synthesis
inhibitor, cycloheximide (CHM), was used to investigate its effect on Al/induced
organic acid secretion in a pattern I (rapid exudation of organic acids under Al
stress) plant buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and a pattern II
(exudation of organic acids was delayed by several hours under Al stress) plant
Cassia tora L. A dose/response experiment showed that the secretion of oxalate
by buckwheat roots was not affected by CHM when added in the range from 0 to 50
microM, with or without exposure to 100 microm Al, but the secretion of citrate
was completely inhibited by 30 microM CHM in C. tora. A time/course experiment
showed that even prolonged exposure to 20 microM CHM did not affect oxalate
secretion in buckwheat, but significantly inhibited citrate secretion in C.
tora. However, citrate synthase (CS) activity in C. tora was not affected during
12 h exposure to 100 microM Al when compared with that in control roots,
although CHM can inhibit CS activity effectively. These results indicated that
CS activity was not related to Al/regulated citrate efflux in C. tora. The total
protein was decreased by 14.0% and 32.3% in C. tora and buckwheat root tip,
respectively, after 3/h treatment with 20 microM CHM. A 3/h pulse with 20 microM
CHM completely inhibited citrate efflux in C. tora during the next 6/h exposure
to Al, although a small amount of citrate was exuded after 9/h exposure.
However, oxalate efflux in buckwheat was not influenced by a similar treatment.
In buckwheat, a 3/h pulse with 100 microM Al maintained oxalate secretion at a
high level during the next 9 h, with or without CHM treatment. Conversely, in C.
tora a 6/h pulse with 100 microM Al induced significant secretion of citrate
which was inhibited by the CHM. Taken together, these findings suggest that both
de novo synthesis and activation of an anion channel are needed for Al/induced
secretion of citrate in C. tora, but in buckwheat the plasma membrane protein
responsible for oxalate secretion pre/exists.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 17080639 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
3: Arch Pharm Res. 2006 Jul;29(7):587/90.
Naphthopyrone glucosides from the seeds of Cassia tora with inhibitory activity
on advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation.
Lee GY, Jang DS, Lee YM, Kim JM, Kim JS.
Department of Herbal Pharmaceutical Development, Korea Institute of Oriental
Medicine, Daejeon 305/811, Korea.
Three naphthopyrone glucosides, cassiaside (1),
rubrofusarin/6/O/beta/D/gentiobioside (2), and
toralactone/9/O/beta/D/gentiobioside (3), were isolated from the BuOH/soluble
extract of the seeds of Cassia tora as active constituents, using an in vitro
bioassay based on the inhibition of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) to
monitor chromatographic fractionation. The structures of 1/3 were determined by
spectroscopic data interpretation, particularly by extensive 1D and 2D NMR
studies. All the isolates (1/3) were evaluated for the inhibitory activity on
AGEs formation in vitro.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16903080 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
4: Plant Cell Physiol. 2005 Dec;46(12):1915/23. Epub 2005 Sep 21.
Nitric oxide reduces aluminum toxicity by preventing oxidative stress in the
roots of Cassia tora L.
Wang YS, Yang ZM.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science,
Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
Nitric oxide (NO) as a key signaling molecule has been involved in mediation of
various biotic and abiotic stress/induced physiological responses in plants. In
the present study, we investigated the effect of NO on Cassia tora L. plants
exposed to aluminum (Al). Plants pre/treated for 12 h with 0.4 mM sodium
nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor, and subsequently exposed to 10 microM Al
treatment for 24 h exhibited significantly greater root elongation as compared
with the plants without SNP treatment. The NO/promoted root elongation was
correlated with a decrease in Al accumulation in root apexes. Furthermore,
oxidative stress associated with Al treatment increased lipid peroxidation and
reactive oxygen species, and the activation of lipoxygenase and antioxidant
enzymes was reduced by NO. Such effects were confirmed by the histochemical
staining for the detection of peroxidation of lipids and loss of membrane
integrity in roots. The ameliorating effect of NO was specific, because the NO
scavenger cPTIO
[2/(4/carboxy/2/phenyl)/4,4,5,5/tetramethylinidazoline/1/oxyl/3/oxide]
completely reversed the effect of NO on root growth in the presence of Al. These
results indicate that NO plays an important role in protecting the plant against
Al/induced oxidative stress.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
PMID: 16179356 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
5: J Med Food. 2005 Fall;8(3):311/8.
Effects of Cassia tora fiber supplement on serum lipids in Korean diabetic
patients.
Cho SH, Kim TH, Lee NH, Son HS, Cho IJ, Ha TY.
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Catholic University of Daegu,
Gyeongbuk, Korea. shcho@cu.ac.kr
Cassia tora fiber supplement consisting of 2 g of soluble fiber extracted from
Cassia semen (C. tora L.), 200 mg of alpha/tocopherol, 500 mg of ascorbic acid,
and 300 mg of maltodextrin was formulated in a pack, and given to 15 type II
diabetic subjects (seven men and eight women 57.1 +// 2.9 years old) with
instructions to take two packs per day for 2 months. Placebo contained
maltodextrin only with a little brown caramel color. Lifestyle factors and
dietary intakes of the subjects were not altered during the 2/month period.
Serum total cholesterol was moderately (P < .1) decreased in the C. tora group
compared with the age/ and gender/matched placebo group, as was the ratio of
apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A1 (P < .1). Levels of serum triglycerides
and low/density lipoprotein/cholesterol tended to decrease more in the C.
tora/supplemented group than in the placebo group. Serum alpha/tocopherol was
increased (P < .01) but lipid peroxides were not significantly lower in the C.
tora group. Fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, blood urea nitrogen,
creatinine, and activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine
aminotransferase were not changed by the fiber supplement. We concluded that C.
tora supplements can help improve serum lipid status in type II diabetic
subjects without serious adverse effects.
Publication Types:
Clinical Trial
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16176140 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
6: Life Sci. 2004 Nov 19;76(1):85/101.
Antigenotoxic properties of Cassia tea (Cassia tora L.): mechanism of action and
the influence of roasting process.
Wu CH, Yen GC.
Department of Food Science, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang, Road,
Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
Antigenotoxic properties and the possible mechanisms of water extracts from
Cassia tora L. (WECT) treated with different degrees of roasting (unroasted and
roasted at 150 and 250 degrees C) were evaluated by the Ames
Salmonella/microsome test and the Comet assay. Results indicated that WECT,
especially unroasted C. tora (WEUCT), markedly suppressed the mutagenicity of
2/amino/6/methyldipyrido(1,2/a:3':2'/d)imidazole (Glu/P/1) and
3/amino/1,4/dimethyl/5H/pyrido(4,3/b)indole (Trp/P/1). In the Comet assay
performed on human lymphocytes, WECT exhibited significant protective effect on
Trp/P/1/mediated DNA damage followed the order of unroasted (55%) > roasted at
150 degrees C (42% ) > roasted at 250 degrees C (29%). Pre/treatment of the
lymphocytes with WEUCT resulted in 30% repression of DNA damage. However, no
significant effect on excision/repair system was found during DNA damage
expression time in post/treatment scheme (p>0.05). WEUCT showed 84% scavenging
effect on oxygen free radicals generated in the activation process of mutagen
detected by electron paramagentic resonance system. Two possible mechanisms were
considered: (1) neutralization the reactive intermediate of Trp/P/1; and (2)
protecting cells directly as an antioxidant that scavenge the oxygen radicals
from the activation process of mutagen. The individual anthraquinone content in
extracts of C. tora was measured by HPLC. Three anthraquinones, chrysophanol,
emodin and rhein, have been detected under experimental conditions. The
anthraquinone content decreased with increased roasting temperature. Each of
these anthraquinones demonstrated significant antigenotoxicity against Trp/P/1
in the Comet assay. In conclusion, our data suggest that the decrease in
antigenotoxic potency of roasted C. tora was related to the reduction in their
anthraquinones.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15501482 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
7: J Pharm Pharmacol. 2004 Oct;56(10):1315/21.
Peroxynitrite scavenging mode of alaternin isolated from Cassia tora.
Park TH, Kim DH, Kim CH, Jung HA, Choi JS, Lee JW, Chung HY.
College of Pharmacy, Aging Tissue Bank, Pusan National University, Busan
609/735, Korea.
Peroxynitrite (ONOO/), formed from the reaction of superoxide (.O2/) and nitric
oxide (NO), is a potent oxidant that contributes to the oxidation of various
cellular constituents, including lipids, amino acids, sulfhydryls and
nucleotides. It can cause cellular injury, such as DNA fragmentation and
apoptotic cell death. ONOO/ toxicity is also reported to be involved in
inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease,
Parkinson's disease and atherosclerosis. Moreover, the necessity for a strong
ONOO/ scavenger is important because of the lack of endogenous enzymes that
protect against the damage caused by ONOO/. The aim of this study was to
evaluate the ability of natural products to scavenge ONOO/. We tested various
plant extracts for their ONOO/ scavenging activity. Among them, extract from
Cassia tora, which is well known as an oriental herb in traditional medicine,
showed potent ONOO/ scavenging activity. Further analysis identified the
phenolic active components, alaternin and nor/rubrofusarin glucose, as potent
ONOO/ scavengers. Spectrophotometric analysis demonstrated that alaternin and
nor/rubrofusarin glucose led to a decrease in the ONOO/ /mediated nitration of
tyrosine through electron donation. In bovine serum albumin, alaternin, but not
nor/rubrofusarin glucose, showed significant inhibition of ONOO/ /mediated
nitration in a dose/dependent manner. We believe alaternin can be developed as
an effective ONOO/ scavenger for the prevention of ONOO/ /associated diseases.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15482647 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
8: J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Oct 6;52(20):6096/100.
Anthraquinones isolated from Cassia tora (Leguminosae) seed show an antifungal
property against phytopathogenic fungi.
Kim YM, Lee CH, Kim HG, Lee HS.
Research Center for Industrial Development of Biofood Materials and Faculty of
Biotechnology, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chonbuk National
University, Chonju 561/756, South Korea.
The fungicidal activities of Cassia tora extracts and their active principles
were determined against Botrytis cineria, Erysiphe graminis, Phytophthora
infestans, Puccinia recondita, Pyricularia grisea, and Rhizoctonia solani using
a whole plant method in vivo and were compared with synthetic fungicides and
three commercially available anthraquinones. The responses varied with the plant
pathogen tested. At 1 g/L, the chloroform fraction of C. tora showed a strong
fungicidal activity against B. cinerea, E. graminis, P. infestans, and R.
solani. Emodin, physcion, and rhein were isolated from the chloroform fraction
using chromatographic techniques and showed strong and moderate fungicidal
activities against B. cinerea, E. graminis, P. infestans, and R. solani.
Furthermore, aloe/emodin showed strong and moderate fungicidal activities
against B. cinerea and R. solani, respectively, but did not inhibit the growth
of E. graminis, P. infestans, P. recondita, and Py. grisea. Little or no
activity was observed for anthraquinone and anthraquinone/2/carboxylic acid when
tested at 1 g/L. Chlorothalonil and dichlofluanid as synthetic fungicides were
active against P. infestans and B. cinerea at 0.05 g/L, respectively. Our
results demonstrate the fungicidal actions of emodin, physcion, and rhein from
C. tora.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15453672 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
9: J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Oct;94(2/3):261/6.
Ethnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka, India//plants used in oral
health care.
Hebbar SS, Harsha VH, Shripathi V, Hegde GR.
PG Department of Botany, Karnatak University, Dharwad 5800 03, Karnataka, India.
The present ethnomedicine survey covers the Dharwad district of Karnataka in
southern India. It was revealed that 35 plants belonging to 26 families are
being used to treat different types of oral ailments like toothache, plaque and
caries, pyorrhea and aphthae. Sixteen of these plants were new claims for the
treatment of oral ailments not previously reported in the ethnomedicinal
literature of India. Basella alba, Blepharis repens, Capparis sepiaria, Oxalis
corniculata and Ricinus communis are used for the treatment of aphthae; Azima
tetracantha, Caesalpinia coriaria, Cleome gynandra, Gossypium herbacium, Leucas
aspera, Merremia chryseides, Pergularia daemia, Prosopis juliflora and Solanum
nigrum are used to treat tooth ache and Cassia hirsuta and Cassia tora are used
in the treatment of plaque and caries.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15325728 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
10: J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Feb;90(2/3):249/52.
Hypolipidemic activity of seeds of Cassia tora Linn.
Patil UK, Saraf S, Dixit VK.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar
470003, MP, India.
Ethanolic extract of seeds of Cassia tora L. and its fractions were investigated
for hypolipidemic activity on triton induced hyperlipidemic profile. Ethanolic
extract and its ether soluble and water soluble fraction decreased serum level
of total cholesterol by 42.07, 40.77 and 71.25%, respectively. On the other hand
ethanolic extract, ether soluble fraction and water soluble fraction increased
the serum HDL/cholesterol level by 6.72, 17.20 and 19.18%, respectively.
Ethanolic extract, ether fraction and water fraction decreased triglyceride
level by 26.84, 35.74 and 38.46%, respectively. The reduction in LDL/cholesterol
level by ethanolic extract, ether soluble fraction and water soluble fraction
were 69.25, 72.06 and 76.12%, respectively.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15013188 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
11: Planta. 2003 May;217(1):168/74. Epub 2003 Feb 15.
Salicylic acid/induced aluminum tolerance by modulation of citrate efflux from
roots of Cassia tora L.
Yang ZM, Wang J, Wang SH, Xu LL.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science,
Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China. zmyang@mail.njau.edu.cn
Aluminum/induced exudation of organic acids from roots has been proposed as a
mechanism for Al tolerance in plants. To better understand the regulatory
process leading to efflux of organic acids, the possible involvement of
salicylic acid (SA) in regulating Al/induced citrate release in Cassia tora L.
was identified. The response of citrate efflux to exogenous SA was
concentration/dependent. Application of SA at 5 microM in solution containing 20
microM Al increased citrate efflux to levels 1.76/fold higher than in controls
(20 microM Al alone). However, inhibition of citrate release was observed when
SA concentrations increased to more than 20 microM. Increased citrate efflux due
to the SA treatment was associated with decreased inhibition of root growth and
Al content in root tips, suggesting that exogenous SA could confer Al tolerance
by increasing citrate efflux. We also examined citrate synthase activities (EC
4.1.3.7) and citrate concentrations in root tips exposed to Al and/or SA.
However, both citrate synthase activities and citrate accumulation remained
unaffected. These results indicate that SA/promotion of Al/induced citrate
efflux is not correlated with increase in citrate production. Total endogenous
SA concentrations were measured in root tips and the SA concentrations were
significantly enhanced by Al at levels of 10/50 microM.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 12721861 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
12: Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2003 Apr;51(4):418/20.
Capillary electrophoresis for simultaneous determination of emodin,
chrysophanol, and their 8/beta/D/glucosides.
Koyama J, Morita I, Kawanishi K, Tagahara K, Kobayashi N.
Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada/ku, Japan.
j/koyama@kobepharma/u.ac.jp
The simultaneous separation and determination of the major anthraquinones,
emodin, chrysophanol, and their glucosides, of Rumex japonicus HOUTT., and
emodin and emodin glucoside, of Cassia tora L., Rhamnus purshiana DC., Polygonum
multiflorum THUNB., and P. cuspidatum SIEB. et ZUCC., were achieved by
cyclodextrin modified capillary zone electrophoresis. The running electrolyte
used in this method was 0.005 M alpha/cyclodextrin in 0.03 M borate buffer (pH
10.5) containing 10% acetonitrile, with an applied voltage of 20 kV.
PMID: 12672996 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
13: J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2002 Sep;18(3):210/3.
Larvicidal activity of leguminous seeds and grains against Aedes aegypti and
Culex pipiens pallens.
Jang YS, Baek BR, Yang YC, Kim MK, Lee HS.
Faculty of Biotechnology and Department of Advanced Organic Materials
Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, South Korea.
Larvicidal activity of methanol extracts of 26 leguminous seeds and 20 grains
against early 4th/stage larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens pallens was
examined. At 200 ppm of the extracts from Cassia obtusifolia, Cassia tora, and
Vicia tetrasperma, more than 90% mortality was obtained in larvae of Ae. aegypti
and Cx. pipiens pallens. Extract of C. tora gave 86.7 and 100% mortality in the
larvae of Ae. aegypti and Cx. pipiens pallens at 40 ppm but 59.2 and 78.3%
mortality against larvae of Ae. aegypti and Cx. pipiens pallens at 20 ppm,
respectively. At 40 ppm, extract of C. obtusifolia caused 51.4 and 68.5%
mortality of the 4th/stage larvae of Ae. aegypti and Cx. pipiens pallens,
respectively. Larvicidal activity of extract of C obtusifolia was significantly
reduced when used at 20 ppm. Further studies of these plants as possible agents
for mosquito control are warranted.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 12322944 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
14: J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Jul;81(2):205/9.
Antinociceptive and smooth muscle contracting activities of the methanolic
extract of Cassia tora leaf.
Chidume FC, Kwanashie HO, Adekeye JO, Wambebe C, Gamaniel KS.
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute For Pharmaceutical
Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu Industrial Area, PMB 21, Garki, Abuja,
Nigeria. ksgama@yahoo.com
The leaves of Cassia tora Linn. (Family: Caesalpiniaceae) were soxhlet extracted
with methanol. The spasmogenic effects of the extract were evaluated on guinea
pig ileum, rabbit jejunum and mice intestinal transit. Antinociceptive activity
of the extract was also evaluated in the mice. The LD(50) values of the extract
in mice were >2000 mg/kg i.p. and p.o. The extract contracted smooth muscles of
guinea pig ileum and rabbit jejunum in a concentration/dependent manner.
Atropine reversibly blocked this activity. Mepyramine also reduced the
contractile amplitude due to the extract in a concentration/dependent manner.
The extract increased intestinal transit in mice dose dependently. C. tora
extract significantly (P<0.05) reduced the number of acetic acid induced
abdominal constrictions in mice and the effect was comparable to that of aspirin
(150 mg/kg i.p.). The extract also significantly (P<0.05) reduced the
nociceptive response of mice to increased force (g). The effects were
dose/dependent. The studies suggest that the use of C. tora, traditionally, as a
purgative and in the treatment of other ailments is justifiable.
Publication Types:
In Vitro
PMID: 12065152 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
15: Phytother Res. 2001 Aug;15(5):459/60.
Metabolism of 1,8/dihydroxy 3/hydroxy methyl anthraquinone (aloe/emodin)
isolated from the leaves of Cassia tora in albino rats.
Maity TK, Mandal SC, Bhakta T, Pal M, Saha BP.
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohuda, Berhampur, Ganjam, 760 002, Orissa,
India.
Cassia tora is a well known plant of India. Aloe/emodin was isolated from the
leaves of this plant and its metabolism pattern was studied. The results showed
that about 15.4% of the administered aloe/emodin was excreted and the rest was
probably bound or metabolized in the system. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons,
Ltd.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 11507746 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
16: Pest Manag Sci. 2001 Jan;57(1):95/101.
Pesticidal properties of parthenin (from Parthenium hysterophorus) and related
compounds.
Datta S, Saxena DB.
Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New
Delhi/110 012, India.
Eleven sesquiterpene lactone derivatives of parthenin (1), obtained from wild
feverfew, Parthenium hysterophorus, were prepared by chemical and photochemical
transformations. The compounds tested were a pyrazoline adduct (2) of parthenin,
its cyclopropyl (3) and propenyl (4) derivatives, anhydroparthenin (5), a
dihydro/deoxygenated product (6), a formate (7) and its corresponding alcohol
(8) and acetate (9), a rearranged product (10), lactone (11) and hemiacetal
(12). All these derivatives, along with parthenin, were tried for their
antifeedant action against sixth/instar larvae of Spodoptera litura, for
insecticidal activity against the adults of store grain pest Callosobruchus
maculatus, for phytotoxic activity against Cassia tora, and for nematicidal
activity against the juvenile stage/II (J2) of the root knot nematode
Meloidogyne incognita. Antifeedent bioassay revealed that parthenin is
moderately antifeedant. Among the derivatives, the saturated lactone (11) was
found to be about 2.25 times more active than parthenin. The pyrazoline adduct
(2) was found to be the most effective as an insecticide, with LC50 values after
24, 48 and 72 h of 96, 43 and 32 mg litre/1, respectively, which are comparable
with neem extract. Compound 4 was found to be the most effective inhibitor of
germination and seedling growth of C tora, with ID50 values for germination,
plumule length and radicle length of 136, 326 and 172 compared with 364, 738 and
427 mg litre/1, respectively, for parthenin. Compound 10 was found to be the
most effective in terms of nematicidal activity. The LC50 values for this
compound were 273 and 104 mg litre/1, respectively, after 48 and 72 h compared
with 862 and 512 mg litre/1 observed for parthenin after 48 and 72 h.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 11455638 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
17: J Agric Food Chem. 2001 May;49(5):2579/86.
Inhibitory effects of Cassia tora L. on benzo[a]pyrene/mediated DNA damage
toward HepG2 cells.
Wu CH, Hsieh CL, Song TY, Yen GC.
Department of Food Science, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road,
Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China.
The effects of water extracts from Cassia tora L. (WECT) treated with different
degrees of roasting on benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)/induced DNA damage in human
hepatoma cell line HepG2 were investigated via the comet assay without exogenous
activation mixtures, such as S9 mix. WECT alone, at concentrations of 0.1/2
mg/mL, showed neither cytotoxic nor genotoxic effect toward HepG2 cells.
B[a]P/induced DNA damage in HepG2 cells could be reduced by WECT in a
dose/dependent manner (P < 0.05). At a concentration of 1 mg/mL, the inhibitory
effects of WECT on DNA damage were in the order unroasted (72%) > roasted at 150
degrees C (60%) > roasted at 250 degrees C (23%). Ethoxyresorufin/O/dealkylase
activity of HepG2 cells was effectively inhibited by WECT, and a similar trend
of inhibition was observed in the order unroasted (64%) > roasted at 150 degrees
C (42%) > roasted at 250 degrees C (18%). The activity of NADPH cytochrome P/450
reductase was also decreased by unroasted and 150 degrees C/roasted samples (50%
and 38%, respectively). Furthermore, glutathione S/transferase activity was
increased by treatment with unroasted (1.26/fold) and 150 degrees C/roasted
(1.35/fold) samples at 1 mg/mL. In addition, the contents of anthraquinones
(AQs) in WECT, including chrysophanol, emodin, and rhein, were decreased with
increasing roasting temperature. Each of these AQs also demonstrated significant
antigenotoxic activity in the comet assay. The inhibitory effects of
chrysophanol, emodin, and rhein on B[a]P/mediated DNA damage in HepG2 cells were
78, 86, and 71%, respectively, at 100 microM. These findings suggested that the
decreased antigenotoxicity of the roasted samples might be due to a reduction in
their AQs content.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 11368639 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
18: J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Jul;48(7):2760/5.
Antioxidant properties of water extracts from Cassia tora L. in relation to the
degree of roasting.
Yen GC, Chuang DY.
Department of Food Science, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road,
Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China. gcyen@mail.nchu.edu.tw
The antioxidant properties of water extracts from Cassia tora L. (WECT) prepared
under different degrees of roasting were investigated. The water extracts of
unroasted C. tora L. (WEUCT) showed 94% inhibition of peroxidation of linoleic
acid at a dose of 0.2 mg/mL, which was higher than that of alpha/tocopherol
(82%). Water extracts prepared from C. tora L. roasted at 175 degrees C for 5
min and at 200 degrees C for 5 min exhibited 83% and 82%, respectively,
inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation. This result indicated that the
antioxidant activities of WECT decreased with longer roasting time or higher
roasting temperature. The IC(50) of WEUCT in liposome oxidation induced by the
Fenton reaction was 0.41 mg/mL, which was higher than that of alpha/tocopherol
(IC(50) = 0.55 mg/mL). WEUCT also exhibited good antioxidant activity in
enzymatic and nonenzymatic microsome oxidative systems. The water extracts of
roasted C. tora L. increased in the degree of browning and produced
chemiluminescence when compared with the unroasted sample. However, the total
polyphenolic compounds of WECT decreased after the roasting process finished. In
conclusion, the decrease in the antioxidant activity of water extracts from
roasted C. tora L. might have been due to the degradation of Maillard reaction
products and the decrease of polyphenolic compounds.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 10898619 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
19: Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 1998;53(1):29/36.
Mineral composition of non/conventional leafy vegetables.
Barminas JT, Charles M, Emmanuel D.
Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology PMB, Yola, Nigeria.
Six non/conventional leafy vegetables consumed largely by the rural populace of
Nigeria were analyzed for mineral composition. Mineral contents appeared to be
dependent on the type of vegetables. Amaranthus spinosus and Adansonia digitata
leaves contained the highest level of iron (38.4 mg/100 g and 30.6 mg/100 g dw,
respectively). These values are low compared to those for common Nigerian
vegetables but higher than those for other food sources. All the vegetables
contained high levels of calcium compared to common vegetables, thus they could
be a rich source of this mineral. Microelement content of the leaves varied
appreciably. Zinc content was highest in Moringa oleifera, Adansonia digitata
and Cassia tora leaves (25.5 mg/100 g, 22.4 mg/100 g and 20.9 mg/100 g dw,
respectively) while the manganese content was comparatively higher in Colocasia
esculenta. The concentrations of the mineral elements in the vegetables per
serving portion are presented and these values indicate that the local
vegetables could be valuable and important contributors in the diets of the
rural and urban people of Nigeria. The mean daily intake of P, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu
and Zn were lower than their recommended dietary allowances (RDAs). However, the
manganese daily intake was found not to differ significantly (p = 0.05) from the
RDA value.
PMID: 10890755 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
20: J Agric Food Chem. 1999 Apr;47(4):1326/32.
Antioxidant effects of extracts from Cassia tora L. prepared under different
degrees of roasting on the oxidative damage to biomolecules.
Yen GC, Chung DY.
Department of Food Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan, Republic of
China. gcyen@mail.nchu.edu.tw
The effects of water extracts from Cassia tora L. (WECT) treated with different
degrees of roasting (unroasted and roasted at 150, 200, and 250 degrees C) on
the oxidative damage to deoxyribose, DNA, and DNA base in vitro were
investigated. It was found that WECT alone induced a slight strand breaking of
DNA. In the presence of Fe(3+)/H(2)O(2), WECT accelerated the strand breaking of
DNA at a concentration of 2 microg/mL; however, it decreased with increasing
concentrations (>5 microg/mL) of WECT. WECT also accelerated the oxidation of
deoxyribose induced by Fe(3+)/EDTA/H(2)O(2) at a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL but
inhibited the oxidation of deoxyribose induced by Fe(3+)/EDTA/H(2)O(2)/ascorbic
acid. Furthermore, WECT accelerated the oxidation of 2'/deoxyguanosine (2'/dG)
to form 8/OH/2'/dG induced by Fe(3+)/EDTA/H(2)O(2). The prooxidant action of
WECT on the oxidation of 2'/dG was in the order of unroasted > roasted at 150
degrees C > roasted at 200 degrees C > roasted at 250 degrees C. The decrease in
the prooxidant activity of the roasted sample might be due to the reduction in
its anthraquinone glycoside content or the formation of antioxidant Maillard
reaction products after roasting. Thus, WECT exhibited either a prooxidant or an
antioxidant property in the model system that was dependent on the activities of
the reducing metal ions, scavenging hydroxyl radical, and chelating ferrous ion.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 10563975 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
21: Phytother Res. 1999 Sep;13(6):474/8.
Antiplasmodial activity of selected sudanese medicinal plants with emphasis on
Acacia nilotica.
El/Tahir A, Satti GM, Khalid SA.
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O.Box
102, Sudan.
Twenty/two plant organs from eleven plants comprising five families were
extracted and screened for antiplasmodial activity in vitro against Plasmodium
falciparum 3D7 (chloroquine sensitive) and Dd2 (chloroquine resistant and
pyrimethamine sensitive). Fifty nine percent of plant extracts from 22 extracts
exerted activity on P. falciparum strain 3D7 with an IC(50) less than 50
microg/mL, whereas 43% of plant extracts showed an IC(50) value within 50
microg/mL on Dd2 strains. Plant extracts from Gardenia lutea, Haplophyllum
tuberculatum, Cassia tora, Acacia nilotica and Aristolochia bracteolata
possessed IC(50) values less than 5 microg/mL on both tested strains. Bioassay
guided fractionation of A. nilotica revealed that the ethyl acetate extract
possessed the highest activity (IC(50) = 1.5 microg/mL). Fraction 2 (R(f) =
0.75) prepared by preparative chromatography showed the highest activity on P.
falciparum (IC(50) = 1.7 microg/mL). Phytochemical analysis indicated that the
most active phase contained terpenoids and tannins and was devoid of alkaloids
and saponins. The effect of plant extracts on lymphocyte proliferation showed
low toxicity to the human cells. This plant has been subjected to long term
clinical trials in folk medicine and is a promising plant. Copyright 1999 John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PMID: 10479756 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
22: Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1999 Aug;47(8):1121/7.
Phenolic constituents of Cassia seeds and antibacterial effect of some
naphthalenes and anthraquinones on methicillin/resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Hatano T, Uebayashi H, Ito H, Shiota S, Tsuchiya T, Yoshida T.
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama
University, Japan.
Thirteen phenolic glycosides including six new compounds were isolated from
seeds of Cassia tora (Leguminosae). The structures of the new compounds,
rubrofusarin triglucoside (7), nor/rubrofusarin gentiobioside (9),
demethylflavasperone gentiobioside (10), torachrysone gentiobioside (11),
torachrysone tetraglucoside (12) and torachrysone apioglucoside (13), were
elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidence. The effects of
the phenolic glycosides, their aglycones and several other compounds
structurally related to them on Escherichia coli K12, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PAO1 and some strains of Staphylococcus aureus were then examined. Among them,
torachrysone (15), toralactone (16), aloe/emodin (18), rhein (19) and emodin
(20) showed noticeable antibacterial effects on four strains of
methicillin/resistant Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory
concentration of 2/64 micrograms/ml. On the other hand, the phenolic compounds
tested did not show strong antibacterial effects on E. coli and P. aeruginosa.
PMID: 10478467 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
23: Planta Med. 1997 Feb;63(1):11/4.
In vitro antimutagenic effects of anthraquinone aglycones and naphthopyrone
glycosides from Cassia tora.
Choi JS, Lee HJ, Park KY, Ha JO, Kang SS.
Department of Food and Life Science, National Fisheries University of Pusan,
Korea.
The antimutagenic activity of a methanol extract of Cassia tora seeds against
aflatoxin B1(AFB1) was demonstrated with the Salmonella typhimurium assay. The
numbers of revertants per plate decreased significantly when this extract was
added to the assay system using Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and/or TA98. The
MeOH extract was then sequentially partitioned with CH2Cl2, n/BuOH and H2O. The
CH2Cl2 and n/BuOH fractions possessed antimutagenic activity but the H2O
fraction was inactive. Neither the MeOH extract nor its fractions were capable
of inhibiting the direct/acting mutagen N/methyl/N'/nitro/N/nitrosoguanidine
suggesting that these fractions may prevent the metabolic activation of AFB1 or
scavenge the electrophilic intermediate capable of inducing mutations. Column
chromatography using silica gel yielded pure chrysophanol, chryso/obtusin, and
aurantio/obtusin from the CH2Cl2 fraction and cassiaside and rubro/fusarin
gentiobioside from the n/BuOH fraction. Each of these compounds demonstrated
significant antimutagenic activity.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 9063089 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
24: Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1996 Nov;21(11):663/5, 703.
[Influence of temperature on the chemical constituents and pharmacological
effects of semen Cassiae]
[Article in Chinese]
Zhang Q, Zhou Z, Yin J, Xiong Y, Wang Y, Sun J.
Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese
Medicine, Beijing.
The influence of temperature on the chemical constituents and pharmacological
effects of seeds of Cassia tora was examined. As the baking temperature was
raised, the contents of free chrysophanol increased. The contents of
antihepatotoxic constituents in the samples baked at different temperatures were
compared. They decreased as the temperature rose. The pharmacological results
basically accorded with the contents of the constituents.
Publication Types:
English Abstract
PMID: 9812692 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
25: Cytobios. 1996;86(346):155/65.
Effect of plant extracts and systemic fungicide on the pineapple fruit/rotting
fungus, Ceratocystis paradoxa.
Damayanti M, Susheela K, Sharma GJ.
Department of Life Sciences, Manipur University, Imphal, India.
Antifungal activities of extracts of sixteen plants were tested against
Ceratocystis paradoxa which causes soft rot of pineapples. Xanthium strumarium
was the most effective followed by Allium sativum. The effectiveness of various
extracts against C. paradoxa was in the decreasing order of Meriandra
bengalensis, Mentha piperita, Curcuma longa, Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus, Toona
ciliata, Vitex negundo, Azadirachta indica, Eupatorium birmanicum, Ocimum
sanctum and Leucas aspera. Extracts of Cassia tora, Gynura cusimba, Calotropis
gigantea and Ocimum canum showed poor fungitoxicity. Ethanol was suitable for
extraction of the inhibitory substance from X. strumarium. Acetonitrile was
highly toxic to this fungus. Millipore filter/sterilized extracts had a more
inhibitory effect on the fungus than the autoclaved samples. Treatment of
pineapple fruits infested with C. paradoxa by X. strumarium extract reduced the
severity of the disease.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 9022263 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
26: J Tradit Chin Med. 1995 Sep;15(3):178/9.
Yishou jiangzhi (de/blood/lipid) tablets in the treatment of hyperlipemia.
Guan Y, Zhao S.
Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning College of Traditional Chinese Medicine,
Shenyang.
The Yishoujiangzhi (de/blood/lipid) tablets (composed of Radix Polygori
Multiflori, Rhizoma Polygonati, Fructus Lycii, Crataegus Pinnatifida and Cassia
Tora) were used in the treatment of 130 cases of hyperlipemia, achieving an
effective rate of 87.0% in lowering serum cholesterol and 80.8% in lowering
triglyceride.
Publication Types:
Case Reports
PMID: 8569253 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
27: Arch Pharm Res. 1994 Dec;17(6):462/6.
Alaternin, cassiaside and rubrofusarin gentiobioside, radical scavenging
principles from the seeds of Cassia tora on 1,1/diphenyl/2/picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)
radical.
Choi JS, Lee HJ, Kang SS.
Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science, National Fisheries University of Pusan,
Korea.
Radical scavenging principles on 1,1/diphenyl/2/picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical
were isolated from the seeds of Cassia tora L. Assignments of the 1H/ and
13C/NMR data showed the active components to be an anthraquinone, alaternin and
two naphthopyrone glycosides, nor/rubrofusarin/6/beta/D/glucoside(cassiaside)
and rubrofusarin/6/ /D/gentiobioside. Alaternin showed more potent radical
scavenging effect than the others.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 10319159 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
28: Planta Med. 1989 Jun;55(3):276/80.
New antihepatotoxic naphtho/pyrone glycosides from the seeds of Cassia tora.
Wong SM, Wong MM, Seligmann O, Wagner H.
Two new naphtho/pyrone glycosides,
9/[(beta/D/glucopyranosyl/(1////6)/O/beta/D/glucopyranosyl)oxy]/10/
hydroxy/7/methoxy/3/methyl/1H/naphtho[2,3/c]pyran/1 /one (5) and
6/[(alpha/apiofuranosyl/(1////6)/O/beta/D/glucopyranosyl)oxy]/ rubrofusarin (6),
together with cassiaside (3) and rubrofusarin/6/beta/gentiobioside (4) were
isolated from the seeds of Cassia tora L. Their structures were elucidated on
the basis of chemical and spectral data. The naphtho/gamma/pyrone glycosides (3,
4, and 6) were found to have significant hepato/protective effects against
galactosamine damage, which were higher than that of silybin from Silybum
marianum.
PMID: 2740460 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
29: J Ethnopharmacol. 1989 May;25(3):315/38.
[Anti/infective phytotherapies of the tree/savannah, Senegal (occidental
Africa). III: A review of phytochemical substances and the antimicrobial
activity of 43 species]
[Article in French]
Le Grand A.
Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Leyden, The Netherlands.
A review has been made of the ethnobotanical and pharmacological data of 43
medicinal plants of the tree/savannah used by the Diola against infectious
diseases. The traditional use of ten plants can be explained by
pharmacologically active principles: Adansonia digitata, Azadirachta indica,
Carica papaya, Cassia tora, Fagara leprieurii, Guiera senegalensis, Khaya
senegalensis, Mangifera indica, Psidium guajava and Voacanga africana. Four of
these herbs are recommended for use in Primary Health Care. The therapeutic
value of the other plants discussed is not absolutely clear. It is, however,
obvious that herbal medicine has a large potential, which is still
insufficiently explored, for utilization in Primary Health Care.
Publication Types:
English Abstract
Review
PMID: 2664354 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
30: Pak J Pharm Sci. 1989 Jan;2(1):55/7.
Preliminary phytochemical screening of four common plants of family
caesalpiniaceae.
Rasul N, Saleem B, Nawaz R.
Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Preliminary phytochemical screening of Bauhinia variegata, Cassia fistula,
Cassia tora and Tamarindus indica did not reveal alkaloids and unbound
anthraquinones while glycosides as well as flavonoids were present in all the
four species of the family caesalpiniaceae. Cardiac glycosides were absent only
in C. tora and saponins were present only in T. indica, B. variegata and T.
indica were devoid of bound anthraquinones while bound anthraquinones were
present in C. fistula and C. tora. Paper chromatography revealed 6 spots in
solvent system I, and 5 spots in solvent system 2, showing different Rf values.
The per cent yield of crude glycosides was 3.18 in B. variegata, 4.03 in C.
fistula, 4.45 in C. tora and 4.14 in T. indica.
PMID: 16414637 [PubMed]
31: Am J Chin Med (Gard City N Y). 1976 WINTER;4(4):383/89.
The involvement of medullary reticular formation in the hypotensive effect of
extracts from seeds of Cassia tora.
Chan SH, Koo A, Li KM.
In pentobarbital anesthetized rats, the medial portion of the medullary
reticular formation has been identified to be directly involved in the
hypotensive effect of extracts from the seeds of Cassia tora. This conclusion
was drawn from the observed decrease in arterial blood pressure following local
injection of extracts of this herb into this reticular site and from its
inability to promote hypotension when the same reticular site has been
electrolytically lesioned. The role of the medullary reticular formation in the
Cassia tora/induced hypotension was suggested to be one which modulates the
basic cardiovascular reflexes, favoring a decrease in vasomotor tone.
PMID: 998558 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
32: Am J Chin Med (Gard City N Y). 1976 Autumn;4(3):249/55.
A possible reflex mechanism of hypotensive action of extract from Cassia tora
seeds.
Koo A, Chan WS, Li KM.
The Chinese medicinal herb Chueh/ming/tzu, seeds of Cassia tora (Leguminosae)
Linn., elicits hypotensive effects in anesthetized rats. Experimental results
indicate that the hypotensive effect of the Cassia tora extract possibly
involves a vagal reflex which reciprocally alters the vasomotor tone of the
centrally emanating sympathetic nervous system. It is shown that the capacity of
the Cassia tora extract to reduce blood pressure is significantly reduced in
vagotomized rats and that hypotensive effects are greatly antagonized in rats
whose sympathetic nervous systems are interrupted by transection of the spinal
cord.
PMID: 970358 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
33: Am J Chin Med (Gard City N Y). 1976 Autumn;4(3):245/8.
Extraction of hypotensive principles from seeds of Cassia tora.
Koo A, Wang JC, Li KM.
Seeds of Cassia tora Linn. (Leguminosae) are known in Chinese medicinal herbal
practice as Chueh/ming/tzu. Aqueous and methanol extracts from these seeds
elicit hypotensive effects on anesthetized rats. Preliminary phytochemical
studies show that the active hypotensive principles are derived from the kernel
of the seed and consist of mainly glycosides.
PMID: 970357 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
34: Lloydia. 1975 May/Jun;38(3):218/20.
Isolation of chrysophanic acid/9/anthrone, the major antifungal principle of
Cassia tora.
Acharya TK, Chatterjee IB.
An antifungal principle of defatted seed power of Cassia tora Linn. was isolated
by extraction of an aqueous paste of the powder with benzene, followed by column
chromatography over activated silica gel C using chloroform as the developing
solvent. Besides chrysophanic acid and other hydroxyanthraquinone derivatives,
the major antifungal compound was identified as chrysophanic acid/9/anthrone,
the structure of which was assigned on the basis of its chemical properties and
uv, ir, nmr and mass spectral analysis. The compound was active against
Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis, M. gypseum and
Geotrichum candidum in broth in the presence of 100 mug/ml L/ascorbic acid as
antioxidant.
PMID: 1143018 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
35: Lloydia. 1975 Mar/Apr;38(2):131/4.
The production of antraquinones in callus cultures of Cassia tora.
Tabata M, Hiraoka N, Ikenoue M, Sano Y, Konoshima M.
Callus cultures were extablished from the seedlings of Cassia tora on a
chemically defined medium supplemented with 2, 4/D and kinetin. A phytochemical
investigation of callus tissues demonstrated the presence of chrysophanol,
emodin, physcion, and an unidentified pigment, all of which are contained in the
seeds of the original plant. The maximum content of antraquinones on a fresh
weight basis was 0.334 percent, which is higher than the content of total
anthraquinones in the dry seeds. Furthermore, it was shown that the production
of these compounds is influenced by the concentrations of auxin and cytokinin
supplied to the culture medium.
PMID: 1134211 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
36: Yakugaku Zasshi. 1973 Mar;93(3):261/7.
[Studies on the constituents of the seeds of Cassia tora L. II. (On the
purgative crude drugs. VII). The structure of the new naphtho/ /pyrone
derivative, toralactone]
[Article in Japanese]
Takahashi S, Takido M.
PMID: 4737581 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
37: Planta Med. 1972 Jun;21(4):393/7.
Chemical examination of the roots of Cassia Tora.
Tiwari RD, Behari JR.
PMID: 5074047 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
38: Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1969 Mar;17(3):458/61.
Chemical studies on the oriental plant drugs. XXI. The constituents of Cassia
tora L. 2. A glycoside of rubrofusarin.
Kaneda M, Morishita E, Shibata S.
PMID: 5792305 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
39: Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1969 Mar;17(3):454/7.
Chemical studies on the oriental plant drugs. XX. The constituents of Cassia
tora L. 1. The structure of torachrysone.
Shibata S, Morishita E, Kaneda M, Kimura Y, Takido M, Takahashi S.
PMID: 5792304 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
40: J Pharm Sci. 1965 Jun;54(6):923.
Fractionation of fatty acids of Cassia tora seed oil with urea.
Tewari JP, Dixit BB, Mishra SS.
PMID: 5847032 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
41: Curr Sci. 1950 Jun;19(6):186/7.
Integumentary vascular tissue in Cassia tora Linn.
ANANTASWAMY RAU M.
PMID: 15427372 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
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